Cyber-Technological Terrorism and Extremism: Legal and Security Challenges for the International Legal System

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD in International Law, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, UAE

2 PhD Graduated in Public International Law, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

10.22084/qjpla.2025.30336.1008

Abstract

 Recent developments in the realm of cybercrime and cyber-technological terrorism— particularly the exploitation of cyberspace by terrorist organizations—have given rise to extensive legal challenges in areas such as human rights violations, jurisdictional competence, crime detection, punishment of offenders, and international cooperation. Cyberterrorism, which emerges from the intersection of terrorism and cyberspace, conceptually differs from cyber-extremism, which is more closely associated with cybercrime.This study, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, demonstrates that the utilization of emerging technologies has rendered counterterrorism efforts increasingly complex and has necessitated the regulatory structuring of cyberspace in response to evolving security threats. Fundamentalist groups, leveraging concepts such as “electronic jihad,” exploit cyberspace for recruitment and propaganda. A precise distinction between cyberterrorism and cyberextremism facilitates the formulation of effective and coordinated responses; namely, the eradication of cyberterrorism within the framework of international law, while countering cyber-extremism remains within the domain of domestic legal systems.

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